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| Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham
Bell : Biography
Alexander Graham Bell was born on
March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His education was largely received
through numerous experiments in sound and the furthering of his father’s work
on Visible Speech for the deaf. Bell worked with Thomas Watson on the design
and patent of the first practical telephone. In all, Bell held 18 patents in
his name alone and 12 that he shared with collaborators. He died on August 2,
1922, in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Alexander Graham Bell was born Alexander Bell on March 3, 1847, in
Edinburgh, Scotland. (He was given the middle name "Graham" when he
was 10 years old.) The second son of Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace
Symonds Bell, he was named for his paternal grandfather, Alexander Bell. For
most of his life, the younger Alexander was known as "Aleck" to
family and friends. He had two brothers, Melville James Bell (1845–70) and
Edward Charles Bell (1848–67), both of whom died from tuberculosis.
During his youth, Alexander Graham Bell experienced significant
influences that would carry into his adult life. One was his hometown of
Edinburgh, Scotland, known as the "Athens of the North," for its rich
culture of arts and science. Another was his grandfather, Alexander Bell, a
well-known professor and teacher of elocution. Alexander's mother also had a
profound influence on him, being a proficient pianist despite her deafness.
This taught Alexander to look past people's disadvantages and find solutions to
help them.
Alexander Graham Bell was homeschooled by his mother, who instilled in
him an infinite curiosity about the world around him. He received one year of
formal education in a private school and two years at Edinburgh's Royal High
School. Though a mediocre student, he displayed an uncommon ability to solve
problems. At age 12, while playing with a friend in a grain mill, he noted the
slow process of husking the wheat grain. He went home and built a device with
rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes that dehusked the wheat. It was his
first invention.
Early Attempts to Follow His Passion
Alexander's father, Melville, followed in his father's footsteps,
becoming a leading authority on elocution and speech correction. Young
Alexander was groomed early to carry on in the family business, but he was
ambitious and headstrong, which conflicted with his father's overbearing
manner. Then, in 1862, Alexander's grandfather became ill. Seeking to be out of
his father's control, Alexander volunteered to care for the elder Bell. The
experience profoundly changed him. His grandfather encouraged his interests,
and the two developed a close relationship. The experience left him with an
appreciation for learning and intellectual pursuits, and transitioned him to
manhood.
At 16, Alexander Graham Bell accepted a position at Weston House Academy
in Elgin, Scotland, where he taught elocution and music to students, many older
than he. At the end of the term, Alexander returned home and joined his father,
promoting Melville Bell's technique of Visible Speech, which taught the deaf to
align specific phonetic symbols with a particular position of the speech organs
(lips, tongue, and palate).
Between 1865 and 1870, there was much
change in the Bell household. In 1865, Melville Bell moved the family to
London, and Alexander returned to Weston House Academy to teach. In 1867,
Alexander's younger brother, Edward, died of tuberculosis. The following year,
Alexander rejoined the family and once again became his father's apprentice. He
soon assumed full charge of his father's London operations while Melville
lectured in America. During this time, Alexander's own health weakened, and in
1870, Alexander's older brother, Melville, Jr., also died of complications from
tuberculosis.
On his earlier trip to America,
Alexander's father discovered its healthier environment, and after the death of
Melville, Jr., decided to move the family there. At first, Alexander resisted
the move, for he was beginning to establish himself in London. But realizing
his own health was in jeopardy, he relented, and in July 1870, the family
settled in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. There, Alexander's health improved, and
he set up a workshop to continue his study of the human voice.
In 1871, Melville Bell, Sr. was
invited to teach at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes. Because the position
conflicted with his lecture tour, he recommended Alexander in his place. The
younger Bell quickly accepted. Combining his father's system of Visible Speech
and some of his own methods, he achieved remarkable success. Though the school
had no funds to hire Bell for another semester, he had fallen in love with the
rich intellectual atmosphere of Boston. In 1872, he set out on his own,
tutoring deaf children in Boston. His association with two students, George
Sanders and Mabel Hubbard, would set him on a new course.
After one of his tutoring sessions
with Mabel, Bell shared with her father, Gardiner, his ideas of how several
telegraph transmissions might be sent on the same wire if they were transmitted
on different harmonic frequencies. Hubbard's interest was piqued. He had been
trying to find a way to improve telegraph transmissions, which at the time
could carry only one message at a time. Hubbard convinced Thomas Sanders, the
father of Bell's other student, George, to help financially back the idea.
Between 1873 and 1874, Alexander
Graham Bell spent long days and nights trying to perfect the harmonic
telegraph. But his attention became sidetracked with another idea: transmitting
the human voice over wires. The diversion frustrated Gardiner Hubbard. He knew
another inventor, Elisha
Gray, was working on a multiple-signal telegraph. To help Bell refocus his
efforts, Hubbard hired Thomas Watson, a skilled electrician. Watson understood
how to develop the tools and instruments Bell needed to continue the project.
But Watson soon took interest in Bell's idea of voice transmission. Like many
inventors before and since, the two men formed a great partnership, with Bell
as the ideas man and Watson having the expertise to bring Bell's ideas to
reality.
Through 1874 and 1875, Bell and Watson
labored on both the harmonic telegraph and a voice transmitting device.
Hubbard insisted that the harmonic
telegraph take precedence, but when he discovered that the two men had
conceptualized the mechanism for voice transmission, he filed a patent. The
idea was protected, for the time being, but the device still had to be
developed. On March 10, 1876, Bell and Watson were experimenting in their
laboratory. Legend has it that Bell knocked over a container of transmitting
fluid and shouted, "Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you!
" The more likely explanation was
that Bell heard a noise over the wire and called to his assistant. In any case,
Watson heard Bell's voice through the wire and thus received the first
telephone call.
To further promote the idea of the
telephone, Bell conducted a series of public demonstrations, ever increasing
the distance between the two telephones. At the Centennial Exhibition in
Philadelphia, in 1876, Bell demonstrated the telephone to the Emperor of
Brazil, Dom Pedro II, who exclaimed, "My God, it talks!" Other
demonstrations followed, each at a greater distance than the last. The Bell
Telephone Company was organized on July 9, 1877. With each new success,
Alexander Graham Bell was moving out of the shadow of his father.
On July 11, 1877, with his notoriety
and financial potential increasing, Alexander Graham Bell married Mabel
Hubbard, his former student and the daughter of Gardiner Hubbard, his initial
financial backer. Over the course of the next year, Alexander's fame grew
internationally and he and Mabel traveled to Europe for more demonstrations.
While there, the Bells' first child, Elsie May, was born. Upon their return to
the United States, Bell was summoned to Washington D.C. to defend his telephone
patent from lawsuits by others claiming they had invented the telephone or had conceived
of the idea before Bell.
Over the next 18 years, the Bell
Telephone Company faced over 550 court challenges, including several that went
to the Supreme Court, but none was successful. Despite these patent battles,
the company continued to grow. Between the years 1877 and 1886, the number of
people in the United States who owned telephones grew to more than 150,000, and
during this time, improvements were made on the device, including the addition
of a microphone, invented by Thomas Edison,
which eliminated the need to shout into the telephone to be heard.
Despite his success, Alexander Graham
Bell was not a businessman. As he became more affluent, he turned over business
matters to Hubbard and turned his attention to a wide range of inventions and
intellectual pursuits. In 1880, he established the Volta Laboratory, an
experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery. There, he developed a
metal jacket to assist patients with lung problems, conceptualized the process
for producing methane gas from waste material, developed a metal detector to
locate bullets in bodies and invented an audiometer to test a person's hearing.
He also continued to promote efforts to help the deaf, and in 1890, established
the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.
Final Years
In the last 30 years of his life, Bell was involved in a wide range of
projects and pursued them at a furious pace. He worked on inventions in flight
(the tetrahedral kite), scientific publications (Science magazine), and
exploration of the earth (National Geographic magazine).
Alexander Graham Bell died peacefully, with his wife by his side, in
Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, on August 2, 1922. The entire
telephone system was shut down for one minute in tribute to his life. Within a
few months, Mabel also passed away. Alexander Graham Bell's contribution to the
modern world and its technologies was enormous.
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