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| Neil Armstrong
Synopsis
Neil Armstrong was born in
Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. After serving in the Korean War and then
finishing college, he joined the organization that would become NASA. He joined
the astronaut program in 1962 and was command pilot for his first mission,
Gemini VIII, in 1966. He was spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the
first manned lunar mission, and became the first man to walk on the moon. He
died in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2012.
Military Service
Astronaut Neil Armstrong
developed a fascination with flight at an early age and earned his student
pilot's license when he was 16. In 1947, Armstrong began his studies in
aeronautical engineering at Purdue University on a U.S. Navy scholarship.
His studies, however, were
interrupted in 1949 when he was called to serve in the Korean War. A U.S. Navy
pilot, Armstrong flew 78 combat missions during this military conflict. He left
the service in 1952, and returned to college. A few years later, Armstrong
joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which later
became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For this
government agency he worked in a number of different capacities, including
serving as a test pilot and an engineer. He tested many high-speed aircraft,
including the X-15, which could reach a top speed of 4,000 miles per hour.
Astronaut Program
In his personal life,
Armstrong started to settle down. He married Janet Shearon on January 28, 1956.
The couple soon added to their family. Son Eric arrived in 1957, followed daughter
Karen in 1959. Sadly, Karen died of complications related to an inoperable
brain tumor in January 1962. The following year, the Armstrongs welcomed their
third child, son Mark.
That same year, Armstrong
joined the astronaut program. He and his family moved to Houston, Texas, and
Armstrong served as the command pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII. He
and fellow astronaut David Scott were launched into the earth's orbit on March
16, 1966. While in orbit, they were able to briefly dock their space capsule
with the Gemini Agena target vehicle. This was the first time two vehicles had
successfully docked in space. During this maneuver, however, they experienced
some problems and had to cut their mission short. They landed in the Pacific
Ocean nearly 11 hours after the mission's start, and were later rescued by the
U.S.S. Mason.
Moon Landing
Armstrong faced an even
bigger challenge in 1969. Along with Michael Collins and Edwin E.
"Buzz" Aldrin, he was part of NASA's first manned mission to the
moon. The trio were launched into space on July 16, 1969. Serving as the
mission's commander, Armstrong piloted the Lunar Module to the moon's surface
on July 20, 1969, with Buzz Aldrin aboard. Collins remained on the Command
Module.
At 10:56 PM, Armstrong
exited the Lunar Module. He said, "That's one small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind," as he made his famous first step on the moon. For
about two and a half hours, Armstrong and Aldrin collected samples and
conducted experiments. They also took photographs, including their own
footprints.
Returning on July 24, 1969,
the Apollo 11 craft came down in the Pacific Ocean west of Hawaii. The
crew and the craft were picked up by the U.S.S. Hornet, and the three
astronauts were put into quarantine for three weeks.
Before long, the three Apollo
11 astronauts were given a warm welcome home. Crowds lined the streets of
New York City to cheer on the famous heroes who were honored in a ticker-tape
parade. Armstrong received numerous awards for his efforts, including the Medal
of Freedom and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
Later Contributions
Armstrong remained with
NASA, serving as deputy associate administrator for aeronautics until 1971.
After leaving NASA, he joined the faculty of the University of Cincinnati as a
professor of aerospace engineering. Armstrong remained at the university for
eight years. Staying active in his field, he served as the chairman of
Computing Technologies for Aviation, Inc., from 1982 to 1992.
Helping out at a difficult
time, Armstrong served as vice chairman of the Presidential Commission on the
space shuttle Challenger accident in 1986. The commission investigated the
explosion of the Challenger on January 28, 1986, which took the lives of its
crew, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe.
Death & Legacy
Despite being one of the
most famous astronauts in history, Armstrong largely shied away from the public
eye. He gave a rare interview to the news program 60 Minutes in 2005. He
described the moon to interviewer Ed Bradley, saying "It's a brilliant
surface in that sunlight. The horizon seems quite close to you because the
curvature is so much more pronounced than here on earth. It's an interesting
place to be. I recommend it." That same year, his authorized biography came
out. First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong was written by James R.
Hansen, who conducted interviews with Armstrong, his family, and his friends
and associates.
Even in his final years,
Armstrong remained committed to space exploration. The press-shy astronaut returned
to the spotlight in 2010 to express his concerns over changes made to the U.S.
space program. He testified in Congress against President Barack Obama's
decision to cancel the Constellation program, which included another mission to
the moon. Obama also sought to encourage private companies to get involved in
the space travel business and to move forward with more unmanned space
missions.
Taking this new decision,
Armstrong said, would cost the United States its leadership position in space
exploration. "America is respected for its contributions it has made in
learning to sail on this new ocean. If the leadership we have acquired through
our investment is simply allowed to fade away, other nations will surely step
in where we have faltered. I do not believe that would be in our best
interests," he told Congress, according to a report on NewsHour.
Armstrong underwent a heart
bypass operation in August 2012. A few weeks later, on August 25, 2012, at the
age of 82, Neil Armstrong died of complications resulting from cardiovascular
procedures in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was survived by his second wife, Carol, in
Indian Hill, Ohio, and his two sons from his first marriage. He and his first
wife divorced in 1994.
Shortly after his death,
his family released a statement: "For those who may ask what they can do
to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service,
accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night
and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a
wink."
News of Armstrong's death
quickly spread around the world. President Obama was among those offering their
condolences to his family and sharing their remembrances of the late space
pioneer. "Neil was among the greatest of American heroes—not just of his
time, but of all time," Obama said, according to the Los Angeles Times.
His Apollo 11 colleague Buzz Aldrin said that "I know I am joined
by millions of others in mourning the passing of a true American hero and the
best pilot I ever knew. My friend Neil took the small step but giant leap that
changed the world and will forever be remembered as a landmark moment in human
history," according to CBS News.
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