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| Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee :
Biography
Bruce Lee was a revered martial
artist, actor and filmmaker known for movies like Fists of Fury and Enter the
Dragon as well as the technique Jeet Kune Do.
Synopsis
Bruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, in San Francisco, California.
He was a child actor in Hong Kong who later returned to the U.S. and taught
martial arts. He starred in the TV series The Green Hornet (1966-67) and
became a major box office draw in The Chinese Connection and Fists of
Fury. Shortly before the release of his film Enter the Dragon, he
died at the age of 32 on July 20, 1973.
Background and Early
Career
Iconic actor, director and martial-arts expert Bruce Lee was born Lee
Jun Fan on November 27, 1940, in San Francisco, California, in both the hour
and year of the Dragon. His father Lee Hoi Chuen, a Hong Kong opera singer,
moved with his wife, Grace Ho, and three children to the United States in 1939;
Hoi Chuen's fourth child, a son, was born while he was on tour in San
Francisco.
Lee received the name "Bruce" from a nurse at his birthing
hospital, and his family never used the name during his pre-school years. The
future star appeared in his first film at the age of 3 months, when he served as
the stand-in for an American baby in Golden Gate Girl (1941).
In the early 1940s, the Lees moved back to Hong Kong, then occupied by
the Japanese. Apparently a natural in front of the camera, Bruce Lee appeared
in roughly 20 films as a child actor, beginning in 1946. He also studied dance,
winning Hong Kong's cha-cha competition, and would become known for his poetry
as well.
As a teenager, he was taunted by British students for his Chinese
background and later joined a street gang. In 1953, he began to hone his
passions into a discipline, studying kung fu (referred to as "gung
fu" in Cantonese) under the tutelage of Master Yip Man. By the end of the
decade, Lee moved back to the U.S. to live with family friends outside Seattle,
Washington, initially taking up work as a dance instructor.
Devoted Teacher
Lee finished high school in Edison, Washington, and subsequently
enrolled as a philosophy major at the University of Washington. He also got a
job teaching the Wing Chun style of martial arts that he had learned in Hong
Kong to his fellow students and others. Through his teaching, Lee met Linda
Emery, whom he married in 1964. By that time, Lee had opened his own
martial-arts school in Seattle.
He and Linda soon moved to California, where Lee opened two more schools
in Oakland and Los Angeles. He taught mostly a style he called Jeet Kune Do, or
"The Way of the Intercepting Fist." Lee was said to have deeply loved
being an instructor and treated his students like clan, ultimately choosing the
world of cinema as a career so as not to unduly commercialize teaching.
Lee and Linda also expanded their immediate family, having two
children--Brandon, born in 1965, and Shannon, born in 1969.
Action Hero
Lee gained a measure of celebrity with his role in the television series
The Green Hornet, which aired in 26 episodes from 1966 to '67. In the
show, which was based on a 1930s radio program, the wiry Lee displayed his
acrobatic and theatrical fighting style as the Hornet's sidekick, Kato. He went
on to make guest appearances in such TV shows as Ironside and Longstreet,
while a notable film role came in 1969's Marlowe, starring James Garner
as the notable detective created by Raymond Chandler. (The screenwriter for the
film, Stirling Silliphant, was one of Lee's martial arts students. Other Lee students
included James Coburn, Steve McQueen and Garner himself.)
Lee, who was devoted to a variety of workouts and physical training
activities, suffered a major back injury that he gradually recovered from,
taking time for self-care and writing. He also came up with the idea that
became the basis for the Buddhist monk TV series Kung Fu; yet David
Carradine would get the starring role initially slated for Lee due to execs
believing that an Asian actor wouldn't pull in audiences as the lead.
Confronted with a dearth of meaty roles and the prevalence of stereotypes
regarding Asian performers, Lee left Los Angeles for Hong Kong in the summer of
1971.
Breaking Box Office
Records
Lee signed a two-film contract, eventually bringing his family over to
Hong Kong as well. Fists of Fury was released in late 1971, featuring
Lee as a vengeful fighter chasing the villains who had killed his kung-fu
master. Combining his smooth Jeet Kune Do athleticism with the high-energy
theatrics of his performance in The Green Hornet, Lee was the
charismatic center of the film, which set new box office records in Hong Kong.
Those records were broken by Lee's next film, The Chinese Connection
(1972), which, like Fists of Fury, received poor reviews from critics
when they were released in the U.S.
By the end of 1972, Lee was a major movie star in Asia. He had
co-founded with Raymond Chow his own company, Concord Productions, and had
released his first directorial feature, Return of the Dragon. Though he
had not yet gained stardom in America, he was poised on the brink with his
first major Hollywood project, Enter the Dragon.
Mysterious Death
On July 20, 1973, just one month before the premiere of Enter the
Dragon, Bruce Lee died in Hong Kong, China, at the age of 32. The official
cause of his sudden and utterly unexpected death was a brain edema, found in an
autopsy to have been caused by a strange reaction to a prescription painkiller
he was reportedly taking for a back injury. Controversy surrounded Lee's death
from the beginning, as some claimed he had been murdered. There was also the
belief that he might have been cursed, a conclusion driven by Lee's obsession
with his own early death.
(More rumors of the so-called curse circulated in 1993, when Brandon Lee
was killed under mysterious circumstances during the filming of The Crow.
The 28-year-old actor was fatally shot with a gun that supposedly contained
blanks but somehow had a live round lodged deep within its barrel.)
Legacy
With the posthumous release of Enter the Dragon, Lee's status as
a film icon was confirmed. The film, said to have a budget of $1 million, went
on to gross more than $200 million. Lee's legacy helped pave the way for
broader depictions of Asian Americans in cinema and created a whole new breed
of action hero--a mold filled with varying degrees of success by actors like
Chuck Norris, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Steven Seagal and Jackie Chan.
Lee's life has been depicted in the 1993 film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story,
based on the 1975 Linda Lee memoir Bruce Lee: The Man Only I Knew, and
the 2009 documentary How Bruce Lee Changed the World. And in the summer
of 2013, the Hong Kong Heritage Museum opened the exhibition "Bruce Lee:
Kung Fu. Art. Life."
Lee's legacy as a premier martial artist continues to be revered as
well. Daughter Shannon Lee was largely involved in the 2011 update of her
father's instructional guide Tao of Jeet Kune Do.
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